Exercises Solutions Essay Example

Exercises Solutions Paper The population is employed adult women, the sample is the 48 club members who returned the survey. . 2 WHAT IS THE POPULATION? For each of the following sampling situations identify the population as exactly as possible. That is, say what kind of individuals the population consists of and say exactly which individuals fall in the population. Fifth information given is not complete, complete the description of the population in a reasonable way. (a) Each week, the Gallup Poll questions a sample of about ISO adult U. S, residents to determine national opinion on a wide variety of issues. An individual is a person; the population is all adult LLC_S_ (b) The 2000 census tried to gather basic information from every should in the United States. But a long form requesting much additional information was sent to a sample of about of households. An individual is a household; the population is all U. S. Households. (c) A machinery manufacturer purchases voltage regulators from a supplier. There are reports that variation in the output voltage of the regulators is affecting the performance of the finished products. TO assess the quality Of the suppliers production, the manufacturer sends a sample of 5 regulators from the last shipment to a laboratory for study. An individual is a voltage regulator; the population is all the regulators in the last hinted. 5. 3 TEACHING READING An educator wants to compare the effectiveness of computer software that teaches reading with that of a standard reading curriculum, He tests the reading ability of each student in a class of fourth graders, then divides them into vivo groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Exercises Solutions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Exercises Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Exercises Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One group uses the computer regularly while the other studies a standard curriculum. At the end of the year, he retests all the students and compares the increase in reading ability in the two groups. 15 this an experiment? Why or why not? What are the explanatory and response variables? This is an experiment: A treatment is imposed. The explanatory variable is the teaching method (computer assisted or standard), and the response variable is the increase in reading ability based on the pre- and opposites. 5. ALCOHOL AND HEART ATTACKS Many studies have found that people who drink alcohol in moderation have lower risk of heart attacks that either nondrinkers or heavy drinkers. Does alcohol consumption also improve survival after a heart attack? One study followed 1913 people who were hospitalized after severe heart attacks. In the year before their heart attack, 47% of these people did not drink, 36% drank moderately, and drank heavily. After four years, ewer of the moderate drinkers h ad died. Is this an observational study or an experiment? What are the explanatory and response variables? Observational. The researcher did not attempt to change the amount that people drank. The explanatory variable is alcohol consumption. The response variable is survival after 4 years. 5. 6 ARE ANESTHETICS SAFE? The National Halftone study was a major investigation of the safety of anesthetics used in surgery, Records of over 850,000 operations performed in 34 major hospitals showed the following death rates for four common anesthetics Anesthetic: Death Rate: A I B I C D I There is a clear association between the anesthetic used and the death rate of patients. Anesthetic C appears to be dangerous. (a) Explain why we call the National Halftone Study an Observational study rather than an experiment, even though it compared the results of using different anesthetics in actual surgery _ The data was collected after the anesthesia was administered. (b) When the study looked at other variables that are confounded with a doctors choice Of anesthetic, it found that Anesthetic C was not causing extra deaths. Suggest several variables that are mixed up with what anesthetic a patient receives. Type of surgery, length of surgery, (maybe longer operations require anesthetic C), age of patient, (maybe older patients respond better to anesthetic C) patient allergy to certain anesthetics, how healthy the patient was before the surgery.. 5. 7 CALL THE SHOTS A newspaper advertisement for USA Today: The Television Show once said: Should handgun control be tougher? You call the shots in a special call-in poll tonight. If yes, call If no, call 1-900-720-6182. Charge is SO cents for the first minute. Explain why this opinion poll is almost certainly biased. Only persons with a strong opinion on the subject-?strong enough that they are willing to spend the time, and SC cents-?will respond to this advertisement. 3 HOW 9, 10, 13 15 5. 9 CHOOSE YOUR SAMPLE You must choose an SIRS of 10 of the 440 retail outlets in New York, that sell your companys product* How would you label this population? Use Table 8, starting at line 105, to choose your sample. Labeling from OIC to 440, we select 400, 077, 172, 417, 350, 131, 211, 273, 208, and 074. 5. 10 WHO SHOULD BE INTERVIEW OWED A firm wants to understand the attitudes of its minority managers toward its System for assessing management performance. Below is a list of all the firms managers who are members of minority groups. Use Table B at line 139 to choose 6 to be interviewed in detail about the performance appraisal system. Augural Gates Peters Anderson Geol. Pledge Baxter Gomez Purr Bonds Hernandez Richards Bowman Hang Rodriguez Castillo Kim Santiago Cross Lila Sheen Deal Mourning Vega Fernando Enable Wang Fleming Starting with 01 and numbering down the columns, one chooses 04-Bonds, ID-Fleming, 17 -Lila, 13-Enable, 12-Geol., and 13-Gomez. 5. 3 SAMPLE ENG FRAME The list of individuals from which a sample is actually selected is called the sampling frame. Ideally, the frame should list every individual in the population, but in practice this is often difficult, A frame that leaves out part of the population is a common source to undercover. (a) Suppose that a sample of households in a community is selected at random trot the telephone directory. What households are omitted trot this frame? What types of people do you think a re likely to live in these households? These people will probably be underrepresented in the sample. Households without telephones, or with unlisted numbers. Such households would likely be made up of poor individuals (who cannot afford a phone), those who choose not to have hones, and those who do not voguish to hue their phone number published (b) It is more common in telephone surveys to use random digit dialing equipment that selects the last four digits of a telephone number at random after being given the exchange (the first three digits). Which Of the households you mentioned in your answer to (a) will be included in the sampling frame by random digit dialing? Those With unlisted numbers would be included in the sampling frame when a random digit dialer is used. 4 5. 14 RING-NO-ANSWER A common form of moroseness in telephone surveys is ring. Answer. That is, a call is made to an active number but no one answers. The Italian National Statistical Institute looked at moroseness to a government survey of households in Italy during the periods January 1 to Easter and July 1 to August 31. All calls were made between 7 and 10 p. M. , but 214% gave ring- no-answer in one period versus 41. 5% ring-no-answer in the other period. Which period do you think had the higher rate of no answers? Why? Explain why a high rate of moroseness makes sample results less reliable. The higher no- answer was probably the second period-?more families are likely to be gone for vacations, etc. Moroseness of this type might underrepresented those who are more affluent (and are able to travel), 5. 1 S QUESTION WORDING During the 2000 presidential campaign, the candidates debated what to do with the large government surplus. The Pew Research Center asked two questions of random samples of adults. Both questions stated that social security would be fixed. Here are the uses suggested for the remaining surplus: Should the money be used for a tax cut, or should it be used to fund new government programs? Should the money be used for a tax cut, or should it be spent on programs for education, the environment, lath care, crime-fighting and military defense? One of the questions drew 60% favoring a tax cut; the Other, only 22%. Which wor ding pulls respondents toward a tax cut? Why? The first wording would pull respondents toward a tax cut because the second wording mentions several popular alternative uses for tax money. HOW 17, 18, 21, 24, 26, 27, 30 5. 17 EQUAL PAY FOR MALE AND FEMALE ATHLETES? The Excite Poll can be found online at http://elite. Excite. Com. The question appears on the screen, and you simply click buttons to vote Yes, No, or Not Sure. On January 25, 2000, the question was Should female athletes e paid the same as men for the work they do? In all, 13,147 (44%) said Yes, another 15,182 (50%) said No, and the remaining 1448 said Not Sure. (a) What is the sample size for this poll? 13,147 4 15,182 4 1448 = 29,777, (b) Thats a much larger sample than standard sample surveys. In spite of this, we cant trust the result to give good information about any clearly defined population. Why? Theres nothing to prevent a person from answering several times. Also, the respondents were only those who went to that Web site and took the time to respond. We cannot define moroseness in this situation. C) More men than women use the Web. How might this affect the poll results? The results are slanted toward the Opinions Of men, who might be less likely to feel that female athletes should earn as much as men. 5 5. 18 WORDING BIAS Comment on each of the following as a potential sample survey question. Is the question clear? Is it slanted toward a desired response? (a) Some cell phone users have developed brain cancer. Should all cell phones come with a warning label explaining the danger of using cell phones? The wording is clear. The question is somewhat slanted in favor of warning labels. B) 00 you agree that a national system of health insurance should be favored because it would provide health insurance for everyone and would reduce administrative costs? The question is clear, but it is clearly slanted in favor of national health insurance by asserting it would reduce administrative costs. C) In view of escalating environmental degradation and incipient resource depletion, would you favor economic incentives for recycling to resource-intensive consumer goods? The question could be clearer by using simpler language. It is slanted in favor of incentives by starting out discussing environmental degradation. 5. 21 TESTING CHEMICALS A manufacturer of chemicals chooses 3 from eac h lot of 25 containers of a reagent to test for purity and potent}L Below are control numbers stamped on the bottles in the current lot. Use Table 8 at line 111 to choose an SIRS of 3 of these bottles. Tioga AY AY BI 102 BI 189 AY All 13 80386 81 103 81223 AY 117 81011 81110 81277 AY AY 81036 BI 81286 AY 108 AY 81101 Bal 137 81299 Number the bottles across the rows from 01 to 25, then select 12 -? 80986, 04 -? AY, and 11 AY. (If numbering is done down columns instead, the sample ill be AY, Bal 102, and AY. ) 5. 24 RANDOM DIGITS Which of the following statements are true of a table of random digits, and which are false? Briefly explain your answers. (a) There are exactly four So in each row of 40 digits. False-?if it were true, then after looking at 39 digits, we would know whether or not the 40th digit was a O, contrary to property 2 (b) Each pair of digits has chance 1/100 of being CO. True-?there are 100 pairs of digits 00 through 99, and all are equally likely. (c) The digits 0000 can never appear as a group, because this pattern is not random. False-?OOH is just s likely as any other string of four digits, 6 5,26 CHECKING FOR BIAS Comment on each of the following as a potential response? (a) Which of the following best represents your opinion on gun control? 1. The government should confiscate our guns. . We have the right to keep and bear arms. This question will likely elicit more responses against gun control (that is, more people will choose 2). The two options presented are too extreme; no middle position on gun control is allowed. (b) A freeze in nuclear weapons should be favored because it would begin a much needed process to stop everyone in the world from building nucle ar paeans now and reduce the possibility Of nuclear war in the future. DO you agree or disagree? The phrasing of this question will tend to make people respond in favor Of a nuclear freeze. Only one side Of the issue is presented. C) In view of escalating environmental degradation and incipient resource depletion, would you favor economic incentives for recycling of resource- intensive consumer goods? The wording is too technical for many people to understand-?and for those that do understand it, it is slanted because it suggests reasons why one should support recycling. It could be rewritten to meeting like: Do you support economic incentives to promote recycling? 5. 27 SAMPLE ENG ERROR A New York Times opinion poll on womens issues contacted a sample to 1025 women and 472 men by randomly selecting telephone numbers. The Times publishes complete descriptions of its polling methods. Here is part of the description for this poll: In theory, in 19 cases out of 20 the results based on the entire sample will differ by no more than three percentage points in either direction from what would have been obtained by seeking out all adult Americans. The potential sampling error for smaller Bosporus is larger. For example, for men it is plus or minus 5 percentage points. Explain why the margin of error is larger for conclusions about men alone than for conclusions about all adults. A smaller sample gives less information about the population. table constituted only about nonwhite of our sample, so we know less about that group than we know about all adults. 5. 30 SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLE sample surveys often use a systematic random sample to choose a sample Of apartments in a large building or dwelling units in a block at the last stage of a multistage sample. An example will illustrate the idea of a systematic sample. Suppose that we must choose 4 addresses out of 100. Because 100/4 = 25, we can think of the list as four lists of 25 addresses. Choose 1 of the first 25 addresses at random using Table B. The sample contains this address and the addresses 25, 50, and 75 places down the list from it. If the table gives 13, for example, then the systematic random sample consists of the addresses numbered 13, 38, 63, and 88. (a) use Table B to choose a systematic random sample to 5 addresses trot a list of 200. Enter the table at line 120. Split the 200 addresses into S groups of 40 each. Looking for 2-digit numbers trot 01 to 40, we tint 35, and so take 35, 75, 1 15, 155, and 195. B) Like an a systematic random sample gives all individuals the same chance to be chosen. Explain why this is true. Then explain carefully why a systematic sample is nonetheless not an SIRS. Every address has a I-in-40 chance of being selected, but not every subset has an equal chance of being picked-?for example, 01, 02, 03, 04, and SO cannot be selected by this method. HOW 31, 36 For each Of the experimental situations described in Exercises 5. 31 t o 5. 34, identify the experimental units or subjects, the factors, the treatments, and the response variables. 5. 1 RESISTING DROUGHT The ability to grow in shade may help pines found in the dry forests of Arizona to resist drought. How well do these pines grow in shade? Investigators planted pine seedlings in a greenhouse in either full light or light reduced to 5% of normal by shade cloth. At the end of the study, they dried the young trees and weighed them. Units are the individual trees. Factor is the amount of light, Treatments are full light and reduced light, Response variable is the weight tooth trees. 5. 3 IMPROVING RESPONSE RATE How can we reduce the rate of refusals in telephone surveys? Most people who answer at all listen to the interviewers introductory remarks and then decide whether to continue. One study made telephone calls to randomly selected households to ask opinions about the next election. In some calls, the interviewer gave her name, in others she identified the university she was representing, and in still others she identified both herself and the university. For each type of call, the interviewer either did or did not offer to send a copy of the final survey results to the person interviewed. Do these differences in the introduction affect whether the interview is completed? The units are the individuals vivo were called. One factor is what information is offered. Second factor is offering to send a copy of the results. Treatments are (I) giving name, (2) identifying university, (3) both Of these. The treatments are either offering or not offering. The response is whether the interview was completed. 8 5. 34 SICKLE-CELL DISEASE Sickle-cell disease is an inherited disorder of the red blood cells that in the United States affects mostly blacks. It can cause severe pain and many complications. Can the drug hydroxide reduce the severe pain caused by sickle-cell disease? A study by the National Institutes of Health gave the drug to 150 sickle-cell sufferers and a placebo (a dummy medication) to another 150. The researchers then counted the episodes of pain reported by each subject. Subjects: 300 sickle cell patients. Factor: drug given. Treatments: hydroxide and placebo. Response variable: number of pain episodes. COMPARING LEARNING METHODS An educator wants to compare the effectiveness of computer software that teaches reading with that of a standard reading curriculum. She tests the reading ability of each student in a class of fourth graders, then divides them into two groups. One group uses the computer regularly, while the other studies a standard curriculum. At the end of the year, she retests all the students and compares the increase in reading ability in the tuft groups. (a) Is this an experiment? Why or why not? This is an experiment, since the teacher imposes treatments (instruction methods). (b) What are the explanatory and response variables? The explanatory variable is the method used (computer software or standard curriculum), and the response is the hang in reading ability. 536 OPTIMIZING A PRODUCTION PROCESS A chemical engineer is designing the production process for a new product. The chemical reaction that produces the product may have higher or lower yield, depending on the temperature and the stirring rate in the vessel in which the reaction takes place. The engineer decides to investigate the effects of combinations of tuft temperatures (517 C and ICC) and three stirring rates (60 RPM, 90 RPM, and 120 RPM) on the yield of the process. She will process vivo batches of the product at each combination of temperature and stirring rate. A) What are the experimental units and the response variable in this experiment? The experimental units are the batches of the product; the yield of each batch is the response variable. (b) How many doctors are there? How many treatments? Create a table to lay out the treatments. There are two factors: temperature (with 2 levels) and stirring rates (with 3 levels), for a total of 6 treatments. (c) How many experimental units are required for the experiment? Since two experimental units will be used for each treatment, eve need 12. G HOW #33 39-41, 46, 49, 56 539 RECRUITING FEMALE EMPLOYEES Will providing child care for employees sake a company more attractive to women, even those who are unmarried? You are designing an experiment to answer this question. You prepare recruiting material for two fictitious companies, both in similar businesses in the same location. Company As brochure does not mention child care. There are two versions of Company Bis brochure, identical except that one describes the companys on-site childcare facility. Your subjects are 40 unmarried women who are college seniors seeking employment. Each subject will read recruiting material for both companies and choose the one she would prefer to work for. You Will give each version of Company Bis brochure to half the women. You expect that a higher percentage of those who read the description that includes child care will choose Company B. (a) Outline an appropriate design tort the experiment. Randomly select 20 women for Group 1, which will see the childcare version of Company Bis brochure, and assign the other 20 women to Group 2 (the no childcare group). Allow all women to examine the appropriate brochures, and observe which company they choose, Compare the number from Group 1 who choose Company B with the corresponding number from Group 2. B) The names of the subjects appear below. SE Table B, beginning at line 131, to do the randomization required by your design List the subjects who will read the version that mentions child care. Abram Adamson Fife Brown Scansion Chem. Cortez Curias Danielson Durra Edwards r-Luray Garcia Surgeons Green Guppy Guttering Howard Hang Sessile Jangle Kaplan Kim Loiterer Lifespan Martinez McNeill Morse Eng Quinines Riviera Roberts Rosen Suburbias Thompson Traverse Turing Almsman Williams Wong Numbering from 01 to 40, Group 1 is 05-Scansion, 32-Roberts, 19-Hang, 04- Brown, 25. Lifespan, 29. Eng, 20-sensei, 16. Guppy, 37. Turing, 39. Williams, 31. Riviera, 18-Howard, 07- Cortez, 13-Garcia, 33-Rosen, 02-Adamson, 36-Traverse, 23-Kim, 27- McNeill, and 35. Thompson. 5. 40 ENCOURAGING ENERGY CONSERVATION Example 5. 13 (text page 297) describes an experiment to learn whether providing households with electronic indicators or charts will reduce their electricity consumption. An executive of the electric company objects to including a control group, He says, It would be simpler to just compare electricity use last year (before the indicator or chart was provided) with consumption in the same period this year. If households use less electricity this year, the indicator or chart must be working. Explain clearly why this design is inferior to that in Example 13_ If this year is considerably different in some way from last year, we cannot compare electricity consumption over the two years Poor example, if this summer is warmer, the customers may run their air conditioners more often. The possible differences between the two years would confound the effects of the treatments. 541 EXERCISE AND HEART ATTACKS Does regular exercise reduce the risk of a heart attack? Here are two ways to study this question. Explain clearly why the second design Will produce more trustworthy data. A researcher finds 2000 men over 40 who exercise regularly and have not had heart attacks. She matches each With a similar man Who does not exercise regularly, and she follows both groups for 5 years. 2. Another researcher finds 4000 men over 40 who have not had heart attacks and are willing to participate in a study. She assigns 2000 of the men to a regular program of supervised exercise, The other 2000 continue their usual habits. The researcher follows both groups for 5 years. The second design is an experiment-?a treatment is imposed on the subjects. The first is a duty: it may be confounded by the types of men in each group. In spite of the researchers attempt to match similar men from each group, those in the first group (who exercise) could be somehow different trot men in the non-exercising group. L. 5. 46 CARBON DIOXIDE AND TREE GROWTH The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO) in the atmosphere is increasing rapidly due to our use of fossil fuels. Because plants use CO to fuel photosynthesis, more CO may cause trees and other plants to grow faster. An elaborate apparatus allows researchers to pipe extra CO to a 30-meter circle of forest. We want to compare the growth n base area of trees in treated and untreated areas to see if extra CO does in fact increase growth. We can afford to treat three circular areas. (a) Describe the design of a completely randomized experiment using 6 well-separated 30-meter circular areas in a pine forest. Sketch the circles and carry out the randomization your design calls for. Assume that the 6 circular areas are given in advance. Number them in any order. Use Table B to select 3 for the treatment. We used line 104. The first 4 digits are: 52 71. We cannot use the 7 because it is more than 6. Therefore, we would treat areas 5, 2 and 1. B) Areas within the forest may differ in soil fertility. Describe a matched pairs design using three pairs of circles that will reduce the extra variation due to different fertility. Sketch the circles and carry out the randomization your design calls for. If the pairs are not given in advance, divide the 6 areas into 3 pairs 50 that the elements of each pair are close to each other and therefore to similar fertility. For each pair, we randomly pick one of the two to receive the treatment. Label the two areas in each pair A and B. Fifth random number from Table B is even, then apply the treatment to area A. Otherwise, apply the treatment to Area 8. Alternatively, we could go along the table looking for either a 0 or a 1, ignoring the other digits. If eve find a O before a I, then treat area A. Otherwise, treat B. DOES SAINT-JOHNS WORTH RELIEVE MAJOR DEPRESSION? Here are some excerpts from the report of a study of this issue. The study concluded that the herb is no more effective than a placebo. (a) Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Explain the meaning of each of the terms in this description. Randomized means that patients were randomly assigned either SST. Johns Worth or the placebo. Double-blind means that both the subjects and those Who work With the subjects do not know Who is getting What treatment. Placebo controlled means that we will compare the results for the group using SSL Johns Worth to the group that received the placebo. B) Participants . . Were randomly assigned to receive either Saint-Johns. Worth extract (n = 98) or placebo (n = 102) The primary outcome measure was the rate of change in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression over the treatment period. Based on this information, use a diagram to outline the design of this clinical trial. . 53 DOES CALCIUM REDUCE BLOOD PRESSURE? You are participating in the design of a medical experiment to investiga te whether a calcium supplement in the diet will reduce the blood pressure of middle-aged men. You have available 40 men with high blood pressure who are willing to serum as subjects. (a) Outline an appropriate design for the experiment. Randomly assign 20 men to each of tuft groups. Record each subjects blood pressure, then apply the treatments: a calcium supplement for Group 1, and a placebo for Group 2. After sufficient time has passed, measure blood pressure again and observe any change. B) The names Of the subjects appear below. Use Table B, beginning at line 119, to do the randomization required by your design, and list the subjects to whom you Will give the drug.

Business Plan Essays - Retail, Free Essays, Term Papers

Business Plan Essays - Retail, Free Essays, Term Papers Business Plan BUSINESS DESCRIPTION Oak Furniture Warehouse, is a furniture store specializing in the selling of furnishings constructed hardwoods, the bulk of which will be oak, to Coeur dAlene area customers. The store will be a show floor/warehouse, with 85 percent of the available space open to the customers. The merchandise has been carefully selected to be affordable to the majority of consumers along with higher line items for upgrades and future purchases. Oak Furniture Warehouse, plans to open for business during January, 2000. The store will be open Monday thru Friday, from 10:00 am till 8:00 pm and Saturday, from 10:00 am till 6:00 pm. In the strong and stable furniture sales market, Oak Furniture Warehouse will stand out as a leader in customer service and quality craftsmanship. A strong customer focus, an accessible location and a broad product line will enable the establishment to slowly and steadily develop a loyal customer base. The retail demand for home and office furnishings is seasonal and business in Coeur dAlene fluctuates according to the seasons. Primarily, the Oak Furniture Warehouse, will attract business during seasonally slow months through a comprehensive marketing and promotional strategy to generate additional revenues in these slack periods. Secondly, by directing attention to the business and home office markets, which budget more on a fiscal basis. Finally, there is no direct competition in the area giving The Oak Furniture Warehouse an advantage in the lack of competition. MARKET PROFILE Oak Furniture Warehouse, will provide quality, competitively priced specialty furniture not yet available from a single source in the Coeur dAlene metro area. The goal is to sell solid, well built furniture through a knowledgeable and professional sales staff in an inviting atmosphere, that will encourage customers to return to the Oak Furniture Warehouse for all their home furniture needs. The well crafted quality of our product. The affordable pricing and group discounts. Convenience of a local location. Our convenient location, where ample parking is available. Word of mouth advertising from past customers. CUSTOMER PROFILE The 4 major categories of customers are: First time buyers, recently out on their own Young families - renting or purchasing a home Families updating their existing furnishings General population fulfilling a need for furniture Younger family being our largest market target. According to research (Washington State Business Journal, 1990 US Census, and area statistics) the target customer for home furnishings is as follows: Educated female Twenty two to thirty two years old Lives with her family in a home Family income of $30,000 to $45,000. Experience has shown that on the average, customers are ready to update their furniture every six years and this would translate into a stable source of future sales. DESCRIPTION OF COMPETITION Black Canyon Oak Originals - 901 N. 3rd, Coeur dAlene, ID A high end, specialized furniture store with limited floor space and inventory. Targets the more affluent homeowners and resort area tastes. 4 years in business 3 sales persons, 1 warehouse person no delivery The Furniture Broker - 609 W. Appleway, Coeur dAlene, ID A large franchise furniture showroom specializing in upholstered lower quality furniture located north central Coeur dAlene. The furniture broker is well-financed and uses extensive advertising campaign. They offer a large array of mass produced accessories for sale from its retail floor. 2 years in business 3 sales persons, 2 warehouse persons, area delivery Runge Furniture Co. - 303 E. Spokane Ave., Coeur dAlene, ID A large store that has a good reputation and has been in the area for many years. They offer all home furniture, of all hardwood types and are priced high for the market. They only carry expensive, well known makers of furniture. Their staff is friendly and knowledgeable. 43 years in business 3 sales persons, 1 warehouse person, area delivery MARKETING STRATEGIES Being a new store the primary plan is to have a grand opening sale, lasting 9 days (over two weekends). Advertising will be through the local newspaper, flyers will be sent out to all new home buyers within the last 6 months, renting of a balloon for location exposure, having a clown on the first two weekends and to give away one bedroom set as prize for visiting the new Oak Furniture Warehouse. Ongoing advertising will be shared with the Spokane stores, which consists of Yellow Pages

Ethics in Business. The analyse of the case study Essay

Ethics in Business. The analyse of the case study - Essay Example It is agreeable to say that by conviction and not through interest, we should treat others the very same way we would want them to treat us (Cory 2004:1). When adhered to, such moral values enhance the performance and profitability of the firm since it attracts and maintains customers together with their trust in the products or services offered by the business. The companies’ basic moral principles according to Cory (2004:2) â€Å"†¦are honesty, acting in good faith and in an equitable and just manner without betraying the trust of the stakeholders and by treating them as equals, practicing reciprocity, avoiding the exploitation of others, and acting from your own free will without forcing your will on your partners†. It is virtues like honesty and acting in good faith that in our case study we see Steffan, in his capacity as the project manager violating deliberately. There is need for business to develop and faithfully practice these moral values for purposes of well societal being. Unfortunately they fail to do that. Incidentally it is the managers and the CEOs who often are accused of violation of core values of the society like in the case of Steffan Larson who disregards Lauren’s advice. They are usually morally blind and instead throw their focus on profit making. This is largely so because of shareholders’ pressure for profit generation and the capitalistic economic arena in which they operate. But this notion is disputable since even in non-profit making organizations there is open deviation from set rules and regulation. They therefore do business without caring about people’s lives, the environmental, political, social, and moral values. International corporations also want to be exempted from certain core values of a given place if in their view the values will conflict with their set objects, a theory Bowie (2002: 3) calls relativism. He says that the international corporations want to

US Treasury Yields Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

US Treasury Yields - Essay Example High-interest rates and inflation during Carter regime discouraged investment with US long-term Treasury yield exceeding 15% and short term T-Bills yielding nearly 20%. Reagan regime restored consumer confidence, through the appointment of Paul Volcker the chair of Federal Reserve Board with his tireless effort and determination of defeating a national economic disaster bore fruits. His fruits were putting the nation into an intentional recession where money supply was tightened, which slowed down the pace of economic growth in the economy, reducing the employment. Inflation was completely abated in the year 1982. After inflation Volcker was devoted to rejuvenating the economy, one of the policies was to reduce the interest rates, this increased money in circulation within the economy that encouraged investment reduced the cost of production and cost of living taming demand-pull and cost pull inflations. Reduction in interest rates encouraged investment with long T-Bills yielding 1% and short-term T-bill yielding 4%. Federal Reserve opinion to increase the interest rates will increase the cost of capital in the economy, and a consumer will be compelled to spend extra coins on the food basket. It will also be translated to investment where due to high-interest rates the profit margins of the lenders will be reduced, moneylenders lend with an objective optimizing revenue.

Shareholder Wealth Maximization And Stakeholder Capitalism Model Economics Essay

Shareholder Wealth Maximization And Stakeholder Capitalism Model Economics Essay The Anglo-American markets are described by a philosophy that a firms objective should follow the shareholder wealth maximization (SWM) model. Anglo-American is defined to mean the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. This theory presumed that the firm should try to maximize the return to shareholders, as measured by the total of capital gains and dividends, for a certain level of risk. On the other hand, the firm should minimize the risk to shareholders for a given rate of return. The SWM model assumes as a universal truth that the stock market is efficient. The share price is always correct because it reflects the expectations of return and risk as perceived by investors. It quickly incorporates new information into the share price. Share prices, in turn, are considered as the best allocators of capital in the macro economy. The SWM model also treats its definition of risk as a universal truth. Risk is defined as the added risk that the firms shares br ing to a diversified portfolio. The total operational risk of the firm can be eliminated through portfolio diversification by the investors. Therefore, this unsystematic risk, as known as diversifiable risk, the risk of the individual security, should not be a prime concern for management unless it increases the prospect of bankruptcy. Systematic risk, as known as non-diversifiable risk, the risk of the market in general, cannot be eliminated. This reflects risk that the share price will be a function of the stock market. Corporate wealth maximization model In contrast to the SWM model, Continental European and Japanese markets are characterized by a philosophy that a corporations objective should be to maximize corporate wealth. Thus, a firm should consider shareholders on a par with other corporate interest groups, such as management, labor, the local community, suppliers, creditors, and even the government. The goal is to earn as much as possible in the long run, but to maintain enough to increase the corporate wealth for the benefit of all interest groups. This model is also called the stakeholder capitalism model. The definition of corporate wealth is much broader than just financial wealth, such as cash marketable securities, and unused credit lines. It includes the firms technical, market, and human resources. as a result, it goes beyond the wealth measured by normal financial reports to take in account the firms market position as well as the knowledge and skill of its employees in technology, manufacturing processes, marketing and administration of the enterprise. The corporate wealth maximization (CWM) model does not assume that equity markets are either efficient or inefficient. It does not really matter, as the firms financial goals are not fully shareholder-oriented. In any case, the model assumes that long-term loyal shareholders should influence corporate strategy, not the transient portfolio investor. The CWM model assumes that total risk, that is, operating and financial risk, does count. It is a specific corporate objective to generate growing earnings and dividends over the long run with as much certainty as possible, given the firms mission statement and goals. Risk is measured more by product market variability than by short term variation in earnings and share price. Comparison of Shareholder Wealth Maximization and Stakeholder Capitalism Models Shareholder Wealth Maximization Model Stakeholder Capitalism Model Based on the assumption of share price efficiency i.e. the share price in the market reflects intrinsic value and shareholders wealth No assumption on share price efficiency Firms objective is to maximize shareholders wealth by achieving the highest possible total return to equity (including both capital appreciation and dividend distribution) Firms objective is to maximize corporate wealth but return to equity is constrained by the interest of other stakeholders such as creditors, employees, governments, etc. Only systematic risk is a prime concern for management as unsystematic risk is supposed to be diversified Total risk (operating and financial risk) is considered by management Corporate strategies are directed by the board on behalf of shareholders Corporate strategies are influenced by long-term stakeholders rather than mobile portfolio investors Journal 2: Shareholder Wealth Maximization According to the maximization model, there are three types of maximization in a company, which are shareholder maximization, stakeholder-owner maximization and total stakeholder maximization. Shareholder maximization is a particular case of stakeholder-owner maximization, where only the pure owner interest as supplier of risk-capital is considered in the maximization. The stakeholder-owner has particular resources and interests which are important for the commitment of other stakeholders and thus for the economic performance of the venture as a whole and for the distribution of stakeholder benefits. Examples of such stakeholder-owners would include managers within the company who were also shareholders or suppliers who had an interest in the ownership of the company. Total stakeholder maximization includes the advantages for all groups, such as employees, local communities, shareholders, suppliers, customers, investors and partners. Among the three maximization of a company, shareholder wealth maximization plays a significant role and indeed more important than the other two, which are stakeholder-owner maximization and total stakeholder maximization. Many assume that total stakeholder maximization is the most important maximization for a company, yet in reality, such maximization is not easy to achieve. Under the new field of corporate social responsibility, many company are encourage to take the interests of all stakeholder (not only shareholder) into consideration during their decision making process. This is a process where the conflict of interest between shareholder and stakeholder eventually happen. For example, if the general public is part of the stakeholder considered under corporate social responsibility (CSR) governance, a conflict might occur when the company decide to carry out operation that would increase the profit of the company, specifically shareholder but at the mean time the operation may c ause more pollution to the environment, which is at the disadvantage of the public (the stakeholder). In short, total stakeholder maximization can be hard to achieve as a profit and earning for a group of the stakeholder (shareholder) can sometime be the disadvantage and loss of another group of stakeholder (group other than shareholder) or vice-versa. The general type of maximization that companies pursue is stakeholder-owner maximization. Maximization of shareholder value is actually a special case of stakeholder-owner maximization. Under restrictive assumptions, the shareholder maximization is larger or equal to stakeholder-owner maximization. Generally, the main objective of most companies is to maximize its value to its shareholders.   Value is represented by the market price of the companys common stocks, which is a reflection of the firms investment, financing, and dividend decisions. Otherwise, the companies should minimize the risk to shareholders for a given rate of return. In reality, companies are more concern about shareholder wealth maximization as this is what the company is portraying to the public. Take an example, if a company focus more on its stakeholder-owner maximization rather than the shareholder wealth maximization, the shareholder (including general public who own an amount of the stock of the company) m ay gain less or no profit and in some cases even suffer a loss. In this situation, it can bring a negative influence to the perspective of others towards the company which will then lower the value of the company and in the long run, curbs the development of the company. In conclusion, shareholder maximization is more important than the others. This is because shareholders are solely the holder that finance a company or provide finance for a company development. However, stakeholder-owner maximization too must be taken into consideration as they may be the human resources or the resources that mainly contribute to the performance of a company. Journal 3: Is Shareholder Wealth Maximization immoral? Shareholder Wealth Maximization A company that implements shareholder wealth maximization indicates that its goal of management is strive to maximize the return in term of capital gain and dividend paid to its shareholders. The ultimate objective of all activity within the firm is the maximization of shareholder wealth. However, financial economists should be increasingly aware of growing dissent from, or at least equivocation on, that standard finance definition of corporate objectives. The idea in shareholder wealth maximization model is that shareholders are the group that take the greatest risks and thus deserves special treatment is a fiction. In shareholder wealth maximization model, managers make decision on the basis of stock price maximization. The first myth is that making decisions on the basis of stock price maximization is amoral, that is morally value neutral. The second myth is one commonly held by business ethicists, namely, that decisions premised on shareholder wealth maximization are strictly immoral. The myth that making decision on the basis of stock price maximization is morally value neutral held by financial economists because belief in it can exempt them from any moral self-examination. Shareholder wealth maximization serves as a conduit of ethics rather than a net determinant of ethical behaviour. Besides, every firm strive to pursue shareholder wealth maximization leads to maximum aggregate economic benefit, they think that its not just benefit to the shareholder but also the society. This will come about as scarce resources are directed to their most productive use by businesses competing to create wealth. The implication of such a defense is that shareholder wealth maximization is morally neutral. In addition, a manager acting in accordance with shareholder wealth maximization is not exercising any particular moral judgment. For example, the manager makes decision that act in the interests of whoever has the greatest economic influence on the companys stock price. On the other hand, the business ethics literature clearly rejects shareholder wealth maximization as an ultimate justification for decisions in business, and they apparently proffer some more ethereal, less material ultimate justification as an alternative. Besides, as a justification for behavior, shareholder wealth maximization is rarely sanctioned by business ethicists because this model just emphasis on the interests of shareholders. This model focuses on the equity market value which is revealed in the companys stock price. A manager pursuing shareholder wealth maximization is concerned with anything that affects the company value. In fact, stock price is increasingly being determined by a series of intangible factors such as employee relations, credit quality, environment sensitivity, product reliability, cultural sensitivity and whatever society values. A management group that is insensitive to the needs and concerns of stakeholders will not flourish financially and, of course, a company that does not flourish financially will not be able to help stakeholders. So, shareholder wealth maximization is not morally neutral and not simply immoral. It neither favors strictly material objectives, nor does it unfairly favour stockholder over other stakeholders. In accepting shareholder wealth maximization as the objectives, business professional should not abrogate all moral common sense when making any decisions. Only through sound moral judgment on the part of individual managers can the organizational premise of shareholder wealth maximization be morally justified. Journal 4: Globalizing Asia: Towards a New Development Paradigm Journal 5: The U.S. Capitalism Model Has Failed Stakeholder Capitalism Model Stakeholder capitalism model says that company should make decisions by taking into account the interests of all the stakeholders in the firm. Stakeholders include all individuals or groups who can significantly affect the welfare of the firm in the aspects of not only the financial claimants, but also employees, management, customers, local community, supply chain members, local or national government and creditors. One of the important variables in this model is considering all stakeholders interest as they are people who support and sustain the company. In the stakeholder capitalism model, it is argued that firms should pay attention to all their supporters that can affect the firm. Managers and boards of directors of company have vital roles on making decisions that suit multiple competing and inconsistent constituent interests. However, there are different demands and interests from stakeholders. Customers want low prices, high quality, expensive service and so on. Employees want high wages, high quality working conditions, and fringe benefits including vacations, medical benefits, pensions and the rest. Suppliers of capital or known as shareholders want low risk and high returns. Communities want high charitable contributions, social expenditures by firms to benefit the community at large such as build hospital, donation, stable employment provided, increased investment, and so on. In making these critical decisions, company must specify how to make the tradeoffs between these often conflicting and inconsistent demands from vario us stakeholders. Many managers and directors of organizations still embrace stakeholder capitalism theory even will be failed at last if they are competing with firms that are behaving so as to maximize value. The theory allows managers and directors to manage company resources in the way they like because the management of the resources in stakeholder capitalism model is inexplicable. Therefore, this allows self-interested managers to pursue their own interests at the expense of society and the firms financial claimants. It may permit managers and directors to invest in their favourite projects that diminish firm value. As a result, agency cost increases because management of company does not act in shareholders interest. Management is given free authority to do almost whatever they want to. So, they may not follow or implement what shareholders require them to do. The other variable is free power. Managers are empowered to exercise their own preferences in spending the firms resource. If the manage ment uses the authority given wisely, company will sustain growth and vice versa. I would prefer stakeholder capitalism model because not only owners, investors, and managers able to share profits but also employees, suppliers and other individuals or groups that related to firm. In stakeholder capitalism model, employees are involved in management decisions and profit distribution. The benefit of the stakeholder capitalism model is cooperative relationship between employees and management that allows steady productivity for sustainability of the firms. If there is few goals such as maximize profits, market share, growth in profits, and others, this will make management has no idea what to achieve. The management cannot focus on a single goal thus makes the firm inefficient. As to solve this, firm can specify the tradeoffs among different groups of stakeholders. Effects of the decisions no matter good or bad that are affecting firm are listed out. For example, cash flow, operating and financial risk which are the main concerns of every corporation. Another variable is single goal. Single goal set allows company to concentrate on accomplishing single purpose as to satisfy stakeholders interest and it requires a deep knowledge on choosing the single goal to achieve.

History of Musical Films Essay

By 1928, Hollywood was invaded by sound theater. Silent films made an honorable exit. Vaudeville was also being wiped out. It signaled a phenomenon Tinseltown was not quite prepared for. It was the time of sound facilities and infrastructures. Later on Broadway composers were hired to write screen musicals (â€Å"History of Musical Film†, 2004). The first picture to make a transition from silent film to sound was Warner Bros. ’ 1927 The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson who mostly did the singing in the movie (â€Å"Musical Film†, 2006). One MGM musical hit opened the doors to the musical film genre. This was the 1929 Broadway Melody with a score by Nacio Herb Brown and Arthur Freed. The story was about two sisters fighting over their love of a song and dance man. It cost $379,000. 00 and grossed for $1. 6 million in its first release. Its title tune is â€Å"You Were Meant for Me. † It was the first sound film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture. MGM’s production chief Irving Thalberg was credited for bringing in a string of musical hits since Broadway Melody. (â€Å"History of Musical Film 1927-1930 Part II†, 2004). Love Parade from Paramount followed on the same year by silent screen director Ernst Lubitch. It is a lighthearted operetta inspired by Broadway to fit the screen starring soprano Jean Macdonald as a young royalty and Maurice Chevalier as the French playboy diplomat. (â€Å"History of Musical Film 1927-1930 Part II†, 2004). The 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s were considered the golden age of musical films. Following are some of the popular musical films: Hollywood Revue of 1929 with Joan Crawford from MGM, Cecil B. Demille’s Madam Satan (1930). 932 mid-Depression saw the making of Love Me Tonight, a collaboration of Richard Rogers, Lorenz Hart, and director Rouben Mamoulian. Rogers and Hart continued with Hallelujah, I’m a Bum (1933) with Al Jolson. (â€Å"History of Musical Film 1930s: Part I†, 2003). Forty Second Street by dance Broadway director Busby Berkeley choreographed the dance sequences while composer Harry Warren and lyricist Al Dublin created the score. It was a million dollar hit for a $400,000 production. It was followed by Footlight Parade (1933), The Gold Diggers (1933) and Hollywood Hotel (1937). â€Å"History of Musical Film 1930s Part II† 2004). Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers entered the musical scene in 1933 through Flying Down to Rio, The Gay Divorcee (1934), Top Hat (1935) with a score by Irving Berlin. It was also the time of Shirley Temple in movies such as Stand Up and Cheer (1934), The Little Colonel (1935), among others. Disney produced Fantasia (1940). MGM revived its musical genre with the release of The Merry Widow (1934) (â€Å"History of Musical Film 1930s Part IV† 2004). The 1940s saw Warner Brothers’ Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942) with James Cagney in his Oscar-winning performance. Then independent producer Samuel Goldwyn found Danny Kaye and made Up in Arms (1944, Wonder Man (1945), among others. It was also the time of Bing Crosby (Road Series, Going My Way, Holiday Inn) and Bob Hope (â€Å"History of Musical Film Screen 1940s: Part I† 2003). Judy Garland starred in Little Nellie Kelly (1940), Ziegfeld Girl (1941), Meet Me in St. Louis (1944) directed by Vincente Minneli, her future husband. She appeared in sixteen MGM musicals. Gene Kelley also was a big MGM star in musical movies like For Me and My Gal (1942), On the Town (1949), among others (â€Å"History of Musical Film 1940s Part III† 2004). The 1950s was the decline of the musical film genre and the emergence of television. Some of the musicals produced from 20th Century Fox were Richard Rodgers & Oscar Hammerstein II’s. Oklahoma (1955), Carousel (1956), King and I (1956). South Pacific (1958). Warner Brothers released some Doris Day films, Love Me or Leave Me (1955), The Pajama Game (1957). Paramount produced What Christmas (1954) while Walt Disney released musical animations such as Cinderella, Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan, Sleeping Beauty. MGM released Kiss Me Kate (1953) and High Society (1956) (â€Å"History of Musical Film Screen 1950s†, 2003).

Crimes against information system analysis

Cyber crime or computer crime is a type of crime that occurs through the internet. This type o f crime has become very common in modern times and many people have been conned money and other valuables. This kind of crime has grown to be high profile to the extent that governments around the world are devising and implementing strategies and policies in a move to curb this kind of crime. Some of the most common types of internet crime include financial theft, fraud, intellectual property theft, industrial espionage, spamming, spread of computer virus, software hacking among others (Grabosky, 2006).This paper will review the Nigerian Money Scams also called Advanced Fees Fraud or 419 Scams. The Nigerian scam is one of the most popular types of internet scam around the globe. It has been described as the widest ranging, cleverly planned and bizarre fraud schemes in the world in the recent years. The Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), Interpol and Scotland Yard describe it as prepos terous, amateurish and plainly crude (Lohr, 1992). The scam involves the sending of bogus letters with a promise of big pay offs.The target of this fraud usually receives an Email that claims to be from Nigeria or another West African country. Initially its target was businessmen but these days, the target also includes average citizens due to the low cost associated with email communication and transactions. The content of the email includes an illegal proposal, a money laundering proposal or a legitimate and legal business proposal. It includes offers of help whereby the sender wants some assistance in shipping out oil from Nigeria, romance, some supposedly deposited money in your account, a bequest left a will in your name.Others include claims overpayment of a contract by the Nigeria Government and therefore a need of a front man to get the overpayment out of Nigeria or an invite to transfer a huge amount of money, usually in US Dollars to your personal offshore account (Nigeria n scams, 2000). After the recipient of this message responds positively, the sender then proceeds to advice him what else he requires to do. The purpose of the initial letter is to set the stage and is considered the opening ground to test the waters.Goal of the criminal The main intention of the criminal is to confuse you into thinking that whatever you are being drawn into is a lucrative business opportunity and a highway into instant riches. Even though, the arrangement appears questionable but very few people look at it that way. Therefore the first letter makes sure that the recipient is left with no doubts and that he or she is assured, and confident of the fact that the deal will be very success and that he is not in no way risking himself or herself.The allegations presented by these scammers are in such a way that you will be naturally cautious but deep down you, you will be praying softly and wanting hopefully that the deal is genuine. Another element associated with these emails is a sense of urgency (Gill, 2005). Either that the government is closing in or that the job of the sender is at risk. Therefore, his request is that the deal may be closed as son as possible. Their methodology is that they make sure that the recipient of the mail counts him or herself lucky because he has been singled out from billions of people the world over.And so as much as this deal may look suspicious, the receipt is left with the urge of gaining millions of shillings for doing what? Absolutely nothing. Even to the most skeptical people, they take the next step or sending an email, which will not cost you any risk at all and in return, might make you a multi millionaire. The feeling that being a rich man is only an email away is what makes people respond to this mail. After making that call or sending the email, the sender pleads with you to make this as secret as possible because he or she is taking a great risk in communicating with you.He emphasizes on the secrecy in that any disclosure might lead to the transaction of the transfer of funds being incomplete. As the recipient, you don’t see any harm in maintaining secrecy, confidentiality, utmost sense of purpose and maturity as it is what it will be asked of you by the sender (Lohr, 1992). After this communication, documents actually arrive to you. Official documents from the central bank of Nigeria together with documents from the firm of your newly appointed Nigerian lawyers. This is what convinces most people of the authenticity of the proposal as they contain the Nigerian Government Letter head (Gill, 2005).After you are satisfied of the authenticity of the transaction, you are then asked to pay some money to cater for unexpected taxes or contract fees demanded by the central bank of Nigeria, transfer of funds fees or fees to cater for the attorneys acting on your behalf. The sender assures you that those are things that he is not in control of. For example, he may tell you that th e lawyers want 5% of the whole money or $200,000 in advance in order to continue with the transfer. Being a wise person, you smell a rat and say no way.It is then after sometime that the sender contacts you again and tells you that he has been able to negotiate with the lawyers and they have brought down their fees to say $100,000. He convinces you that it is nothing compared to what you two are going to gain. But since you are a wise person, you say no way (Lohr, 1992). It is then that he calls you again and tells that even though he is a poor guy, he is ready to sell his only house to raise $30,000 if you are in a position of raising the rest. He cannot forget to remind you that it is a loan he has advanced to you and that you will refund it to him once you receive the money.Here, you see the commitment and you ultimately send the money and you wait for your cash. You even start planning for holiday. After two days, you are informed that there have been some few problems and that the inside man is asking for a small bribe. After paying the initial amount, you become the ultimate milk cow. More requests start coming your way for you to send in more money. At this juncture, you are faced with two options: either send more money as demanded or risk loosing the promised millions and the money you have already sent.In this way, you are a prey and tens or even hundreds of dollars may be swindled from you (Gill, 2005). Each amount of money that you send is regarded as the last amount but eventually, there rises some ‘temporary difficulties’, ‘errors’ or ‘complications’ that you are prompted to solve. This may go on for months until you run out of money or until you give up. But these scammers will not stop there. If you show signs of giving up, they remind you of the ultimate prize awaiting you. The asking of these â€Å"advance fees† is the ultimate objective of this scam.That’s why it is referred to as the Adva nce Fees Fraud (Gill, 2005). Once a victim has sent in more and more cash, he gets hooked up to the scam and the more he believes that it is not a scam but that it is a real deal. The denial of most victims that they have been conned is what drives them to make just one more payment and their windfall happens (Nigerian Scams, 2000). There are even instances whereby one is invited to Nigeria and you are taken through real or fake government offices. The fake government offices include many government support staff and you are left with no doubt.In some instances, victims have confessed going to the directory, looking up the number of the alleged government officiate and finding it there. On calling, it is received by the very same person who he has been in contact with. There are some victims who have been invited to go to Nigeria. They are told that a Visa is not necessary and in that case, they bribe an airport official for you to enter Nigeria. On entering you are told that it is illegal to be in Nigeria without a passport (which is true) and this is used to coerce more money from you (Lohr, 1992). Mechanism to discourage these crimesThe federal bureau of investigations has but in some mechanisms in bid to stop these fraudsters. The FBI has warned the public to be wary and not fall into this trick. In this regard, the public has been warned to be skeptical of any email or letter from persons claiming to be Nigerian government officials or any other foreigner asking for help with regard to transfer of large sums of money. The public has also been advised not to believe in the promise of large sums of money once they cooperate (FBI, 2010). Many countries have put in legislations that require citizens to report any form of 419 emails.In general, the governments all over the world are committed to ending this vice. There have also been developments of Internet Technologies which aim at stemming the advancement of the Nigerian Advanced Fee Fraud scams. Through th e use of this technology, law enforcement officers are in a position to cooperate internationally and therefore are able to track these scammers, obtain the necessary evidence and prosecuting them (Lohr, 1992). References FBI. (2010). Internet Fraud. Retrieved August 19, 2010 from http://www. fbi. gov/majcases/fraud/internetschemes. htm. Gill, P. (2005). About. Com. The Top ten internet/ Email Scams.Retrieved August 19, 2010 from http://netforbeginners. about. com/od/scamsandidentitytheft/ss/top10inetscams. htm Grabosky, P. (2006). Electronic Crime, New Jersey: Prentice Hall http://www. nytimes. com/1992/05/21/business/nigerian-scam-lures-companies. html. Lohr, S. (1992). Nigerian Scam' Lures Companies. Nigerian Advanced Fee Fraud Detection, Education, Eradication. The New York Times. Retrieved August 19, 2010 from http://www. nextwebsecurity. com/ Nigerian scams. (2000). Schemes, Scams and frauds. Retrieved August 19, 2010 from http://www. crimes-of-persuasion. com/Crimes/Business/ nigerian. htm.